222 research outputs found
Anatomy of Fluorescence: Quantum trajectory statistics from continuously measuring spontaneous emission
We investigate the continuous quantum measurement of a superconducting qubit
undergoing fluorescence. The fluorescence of the qubit is detected via a
phase-preserving heterodyne measurement, giving the fluorescence quadrature
signals as two continuous qubit readout results. By using the stochastic path
integral approach to the measurement physics, we derive most likely paths
between boundary conditions on the state, and compute approximate time
correlation functions between all stochastic variables via diagrammatic
perturbation theory. We focus on paths that increase in energy during the
continuous measurement. Our results are compared to Monte Carlo numerical
simulation of the trajectories, and we find close agreement between direct
simulation and theory. We generalize this analysis to arbitrary diffusive
quantum systems that are continuously monitored.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, plenty of diagram
Maxwell's demon in superconducting circuits
This paper provides an overview of the first experimental realizations of
quantum-mechanical Maxwell's demons based on superconducting circuits. The
principal results of these experiments are recalled and put into context. We
highlight the versatility offered by superconducting circuits for studying
quantum thermodynamics.Comment: A few extra works are cited compared to the previous versio
Superconducting quantum node for entanglement and storage of microwave radiation
Superconducting circuits and microwave signals are good candidates to realize
quantum networks, which are the backbone of quantum computers. We have realized
a quantum node based on a 3D microwave superconducting cavity parametrically
coupled to a transmission line by a Josephson ring modulator. We first
demonstrate the time-controlled capture, storage and retrieval of an optimally
shaped propagating microwave field, with an efficiency as high as 80%. We then
demonstrate a second essential ability, which is the timed-controlled
generation of an entangled state distributed between the node and a microwave
channel.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures. Supplementary information can be downloaded as
the ancillary file her
Parameter estimation from measurements along quantum trajectories
The dynamics of many open quantum systems are described by stochastic master
equations. In the discrete-time case, we recall the structure of the derived
quantum filter governing the evolution of the density operator conditioned to
the measurement outcomes. We then describe the structure of the corresponding
particle quantum filters for estimating constant parameter and we prove their
stability. In the continuous-time (diffusive) case, we propose a new
formulation of these particle quantum filters. The interest of this new
formulation is first to prove stability, and also to provide an efficient
algorithm preserving, for any discretization step-size, positivity of the
quantum states and parameter classical probabilities. This algorithm is tested
on experimental data to estimate the detection efficiency for a superconducting
qubit whose fluorescence field is measured using a heterodyne detector.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, submitte
Quantum state tomography with non-instantaneous measurements, imperfections and decoherence
Tomography of a quantum state is usually based on positive operator-valued
measure (POVM) and on their experimental statistics. Among the available
reconstructions, the maximum-likelihood (MaxLike) technique is an efficient
one. We propose an extension of this technique when the measurement process
cannot be simply described by an instantaneous POVM. Instead, the tomography
relies on a set of quantum trajectories and their measurement records. This
model includes the fact that, in practice, each measurement could be corrupted
by imperfections and decoherence, and could also be associated with the record
of continuous-time signals over a finite amount of time. The goal is then to
retrieve the quantum state that was present at the start of this measurement
process. The proposed extension relies on an explicit expression of the
likelihood function via the effective matrices appearing in quantum smoothing
and solutions of the adjoint quantum filter. It allows to retrieve the initial
quantum state as in standard MaxLike tomography, but where the traditional POVM
operators are replaced by more general ones that depend on the measurement
record of each trajectory. It also provides, aside the MaxLike estimate of the
quantum state, confidence intervals for any observable. Such confidence
intervals are derived, as the MaxLike estimate, from an asymptotic expansion of
multi-dimensional Laplace integrals appearing in Bayesian Mean estimation. A
validation is performed on two sets of experimental data: photon(s) trapped in
a microwave cavity subject to quantum non-demolition measurements relying on
Rydberg atoms; heterodyne fluorescence measurements of a superconducting qubit.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, submitte
Persistent control of a superconducting qubit by stroboscopic measurement feedback
Making a system state follow a prescribed trajectory despite fluctuations and
errors commonly consists in monitoring an observable (temperature,
blood-glucose level...) and reacting on its controllers (heater power, insulin
amount ...). In the quantum domain, there is a change of paradigm in feedback
since measurements modify the state of the system, most dramatically when the
trajectory goes through superpositions of measurement eigenstates. Here, we
demonstrate the stabilization of an arbitrary trajectory of a superconducting
qubit by measurement based feedback. The protocol benefits from the long
coherence time (s) of the 3D transmon qubit, the high efficiency
(82%) of the phase preserving Josephson amplifier, and fast electronics
ensuring less than 500 ns delay. At discrete time intervals, the state of the
qubit is measured and corrected in case an error is detected. For Rabi
oscillations, where the discrete measurements occur when the qubit is supposed
to be in the measurement pointer states, we demonstrate an average fidelity of
85% to the targeted trajectory. For Ramsey oscillations, which does not go
through pointer states, the average fidelity reaches 75%. Incidentally, we
demonstrate a fast reset protocol allowing to cool a 3D transmon qubit down to
0.6% in the excited state.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures and 1 table. Supplementary information available
as an ancilla fil
Wind and Solar Energy Projects at the EcoTarium
Through their upcoming solar and wind energy projects, the EcoTarium, a science and discovery center in Worcester, Massachusetts, seeks to help people overcome their uncertainties towards renewable energy. Therefore, the goal of this project was to aid the EcoTarium in the design stages of their wind and solar energy exhibitions. Through these exhibitions, the EcoTarium hopes to promote the understanding, accepting, and adopting of renewable technologies in the Worcester community and beyond and help contribute to a clean energy future
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